面试题与答案

An abstract class can have both abstract and concrete methods, while an interface can only have abstract methods. In Java, a class can implement multiple interfaces but can extend only one abstract class.

Example:

Abstract class example:

abstract class Shape { 
  abstract void draw(); 
}

Interface example:

interface Shape { 
  void draw(); 
}

Multithreading in Java allows multiple threads to execute concurrently. It improves the performance and responsiveness of a program. The 'Thread' class and 'Runnable' interface are commonly used to create and manage threads in Java.

Example:

Example:

class MyThread extends Thread { 
  public void run() { 
    // thread execution logic
  } 
}

MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
t1.start();

'try' block contains the code that might throw an exception. 'catch' block handles the exception if it occurs. 'finally' block always executes, whether an exception is thrown or not. It is used for cleanup activities.

Example:

Example:

try { 
  // code that may throw an exception
} 
catch (Exception e) { 
  // handle the exception
} 
finally { 
  // cleanup code
}

'static' is used to create class-level variables and methods. It means the variable or method belongs to the class rather than a specific instance. 'static' members can be accessed using the class name.

Example:

Example:

class MyClass { 
  static int count; 
  
  static void incrementCount() { 
    count++; 
  } 
}

'final' is used to restrict the modification of classes, methods, and variables. A 'final' class cannot be inherited, a 'final' method cannot be overridden, and a 'final' variable cannot be reassigned after initialization.

Example:

Example:

public final class ImmutableClass { 
  // class definition
}

'throw' is used to explicitly throw an exception, while 'throws' is used in method signatures to declare the exceptions that the method might throw. Multiple exceptions can be declared using a comma-separated list in 'throws'.

Example:

Example:

void myMethod() throws CustomException { 
  // method implementation
}

Method overriding allows a subclass to provide a specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass. The overridden method in the subclass should have the same signature (name, return type, and parameters).

Example:

Example:

class Animal { 
  void makeSound() { 
    System.out.println('Generic Animal Sound'); 
  } 
}

class Dog extends Animal { 
  void makeSound() { 
    System.out.println('Bark'); 
  } 
}

According to the contract, if two objects are equal (according to the 'equals()' method), their hash codes must be equal as well. However, the reverse is not necessarily true: two objects with equal hash codes may not be equal.

Example:

It's important to ensure that the 'equals()' and 'hashCode()' methods are consistently implemented to maintain this contract.

The 'default' method in Java interfaces provides a default implementation for a method. It allows adding new methods to interfaces without breaking existing implementations.

Example:

Example:

interface MyInterface { 
  default void myMethod() { 
    // default implementation
  } 
}

The 'Comparator' interface is used to define custom ordering for objects. It provides two methods: 'compare()' to compare two objects and 'equals()' to check if two objects are equal. 'Comparator' is often used with sorting algorithms or data structures that require custom ordering.

Example:

Example:

class MyComparator implements Comparator { 
  public int compare(MyClass obj1, MyClass obj2) { 
    // custom comparison logic
  } 
}

'super()' is used to invoke the constructor of the immediate parent class. It should be the first statement in the constructor of the subclass. If not explicitly called, the compiler inserts a 'super()' call by default.

Example:

Example:

class Subclass extends Superclass { 
  Subclass() { 
    super(); // invokes the constructor of the parent class
  } 
}

The 'try-with-resources' statement is used to automatically close resources (like files or sockets) at the end of the try block. Resources must implement the 'AutoCloseable' interface. It simplifies resource management and reduces the chances of resource leaks.

Example:

Example:

try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader('file.txt'))) { 
  // code that uses 'br'
} catch (IOException e) { 
  // handle the exception
}

'java.util.Collections' is a utility class that provides static methods for operating on collections (e.g., lists, sets, and maps). It includes methods for sorting, shuffling, searching, and synchronizing collections.

Example:

Example:

List myList = new ArrayList<>();
Collections.addAll(myList, 'Java', 'Python', 'C++');
Collections.sort(myList); // sorts the list

Immutable objects are objects whose state cannot be modified after they are created. Once an immutable object is created, its state remains constant throughout its lifetime. String, Integer, and BigDecimal are examples of immutable classes in Java.

Example:

Example:

final class ImmutableClass { 
  private final int value; 
  
  public ImmutableClass(int value) { 
    this.value = value; 
  } 
  
  public int getValue() { 
    return value; 
  } 
}